Problem (問題, mondai)

 

1. Today's Japanese words

Here's some Japanese vocabulary related to problems and annoyances with romaji:

* **Problem (問題, mondai)**

* **Trouble (困る, komaru)**

* **Annoying (迷惑,迷惑する, meiwaku, meiwaku suru)**

* **Inconvenient (不便, fuben)**

* **Frustrating (イライラする,いらつく, irairasuru, iratsuku)**

* **Stressful (ストレス, suttoresu)**

* **Difficult (難しい, muzukashii)**

* **Misunderstanding (ちがい, chigai)**

* **Disagreement (意見の相違, iken no sōi)**

* **Conflict (対立, taitori)**

* **Mistake (ミス, misu)**

* **Error (過ち, machigai)**

* **Failure (失敗, shippai)**

* **Setback (アクシデント, akusidento)**

* **Unexpected problem (予想外のトラブル, yosōgai no toraburu)**

* **Deadlock (膠着状態, kōchaku jōtai)** (when a situation cannot progress)

* **Disappointment (がっかり, gakkari)**

* **Discouraged (やる気がない, yaru ki ga nai)** (lack of motivation)

* **Overwhelmed (いっぱいいっぱい, ippai ippai)** (feeling overloaded)

* **Burned out (燃え尽きる, moe tsukきる, moetsukiru)** (exhausted from work)

* **Unfair (不公平, fu公平, f公平 (f公平, fukōhei))**

* **Unreasonable (道理に合わない, dōri ni合わない, dōri ni合わない (dōri ni合わない, dōri ni awanai))**

2. Today's topic

## Problems Foreigners Face in Japanese Companies

Foreigners working in Japan may encounter some challenges due to cultural differences. Here are some potential issues:

* **Language Barrier:** Unless you're fluent in Japanese, communication can be difficult. Limited Japanese can hinder your ability to fully integrate and contribute. 

* **Long Working Hours:** Japan is known for its long work hours (残業, zangyou). Be prepared to put in extra time, especially early in your career. 

* **Decision-making by Consensus:** Reaching decisions through consensus (合意, gōi) can be slow and frustrating for those accustomed to more direct approaches. 

* **Social Integration:** Building relationships with Japanese colleagues (飲み会, nomikai - after-work drinks) can be essential for career advancement but might be unfamiliar territory for some foreigners.

* **Rigid Hierarchy:** The emphasis on hierarchy can make it difficult to challenge authority or propose new ideas, especially for younger employees.

**Remember:** These are generalizations, and the experience of foreign workers can vary depending on the company and industry. Being aware of these potential issues and making an effort to adapt to Japanese business culture can significantly improve your experience working in Japan.

3- Today’s news

Live stream will show congestion around Mt. Fuji's 5th station

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15288410

Japan to waive graduate scholarship loan repayments for teachers

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/05/29/japan/society/teachers-scholarship-loans/

Self-introductions (じこしょうかい, jikoshoukai)

 

1. Today's Japanese words

Here's some Japanese vocabulary related to professions with romaji:

* **Actor (Haiyu俳優)**

* **Actress (Joyū女優)**

* **Singer (Kashu 歌手)**

* **Musician (Ongakuka 音楽家)**

* **Teacher (Sensei 先生)**

* **Doctor (Isha 医者)**

* **Nurse (Kangoshi 看護師)**

* **Police officer (Keisatsukan 警察官)**

* **Businessman (Sararīman サラリーマン)**

* **Businesswoman (OL - Office Lady)**

* **Writer (Sakusha 作家)**

**General Professions:**

* **Company employee (kaishain 会社員)** 

* **Customer service representative (カスタマーサービス, Kasutamā Sābisu)**

* **Housewife/stay-at-home husband (専業主婦/専業主夫, Senshū Shufu**

**Creative & Technical Professions:**

* **Artist (Geijutsuka 芸術家)**

* **Designer (Dezainā デザイナー)**

* **Architect (Kenchikuka 建築家)**

**Service Professions:**

* **Waiter/Waitress (ウエイター/ウエイトレス, Ueitā/Ueitoresu)**

* **Hairdresser (Rikyōshi 理容師)**

* **Lawyer (Bengoshi 弁護士)**

**Other Professions:**

* **Farmer (Nōmin 農民)**

* **Athlete (Asukīto アスリート)**

* **Politician (Seijika 政治家)**

* **Teacher (Sensei 先生)** 

* **Student (Gakusei 学生)**

2. Today's topic

Self-introductions (じこしょうかい, jikoshoukai) in Japanese:

**Basic Structure:**

* **Hajimemashite (はじめまして):** This means "Nice to meet you" and is a common way to start an introduction.

* **Watashi wa/Watashi no namae wa (私は/私の名前は):** This means "My name is" Here, "Watashi" (私) is "I" and "Namae" (名前) is "name." You can choose one or the other.

* **Your Name:** Replace this with your actual name. 

* **(Optional) Background Information:** You can add details like your nationality (国籍, kokuseki), profession (職業, shokugyou), or hobbies (趣味, shumi).

* **Yoroshiku onegaishimasu (よろしくおねがいします):** This is a polite way to say "Please take care of me" or "Nice to meet you."

Here's an example:

> Hajimemashite, watashi wa Tanaka Hanako desu. Amerika kara kimashita. Yoroshiku onegaishimasu.

> (はじめまして、私は田中花子です。アメリカから来ました。よろしくおねがいします。)

> (Nice to meet you, my name is Tanaka Hanako. I came from America. Please take care of me.)

**Additional Tips:**

* **Formality:** In formal settings, you might introduce yourself using just your last name and a title like "san" (さん) or "sensei" (先生).

* **Humility:** It's common to add a self-deprecating phrase like "watashi no nihongo wa heta desu (My Japanese is not good)" to show humility. However, follow it with a positive statement like "ganbarimasu" (頑張ります - I will do my best).

* **Body Language:** Maintain good posture, smile, and make eye contact while introducing yourself.

3- Today’s news

Kyoto street threatens a ‘fine’ to ward off unruly tourists

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15286642

Weak yen taking a harsh toll on migrant workers in Japan

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15286649

Greetings

 

1. Today's Japanese words

 Japanese vocabulary about greetings, with romaji for pronunciation:

* **おはようございます (Ohayōございます) - Oh-ha-yo goh-zah-ee-mahs:** Good morning (before noon)

* **こんにちは (Konnichiwa) - Kon-nee-chee-wa:** Hello (general daytime greeting)

* **こんばんは (Konbanwa) - Kon-bahn-wah:** Good evening (after dark)

* **いらっしゃいませ (Irasshaimase) - Irasshai-mah-se:** Welcome (used in shops)

* **はじめまして (Hajimemashite) - Hah-jee-meh-mah-shteh:** Nice to meet you (first meeting)

* **お久しぶりです (Ohisashiburi desu) - Oh-hee-sah-shih-boo-ri desu:** Long time no see

**General Greetings:**

* **お疲れ様です (Otsukaresama desu) - Oh-tsuu-kah-reh-sah-mah desu:** Thank you for your hard work (used as a greeting after work)

* **失礼します (Shitsureishimasu) - Excuse me (used when entering or leaving a room, interrupting someone)

* **ありがとうございます (Arigatōgozaimasu) - Thank you (formal)

**Responding to Greetings:**

* **はい (Hai) - Hi:** Yes

* **どうぞ (Dōzo) - Doh-zoh:** Please (used to offer something or invite someone in)

* **いえいえ (Iieいえ) - Lieh ieh:** No problem (used in response to thanks)

**Time-Specific Greetings**

* **行ってきます (Ittekimasu) - It-teh-ki-mah-su:** I'm leaving now (said by the person leaving)

* **いってらっしゃい (Itterasshai) - It-teh-rah-shai:** Have a good trip/See you later (said to the person leaving)

* **ただいま (Tadaima) - Tah-dah-ee-mah:** I'm home (said by the person returning)

* **おかえり (Okaeri) - Oh-kah-eh-ri:** Welcome home (said to the person returning)

* **おやすみなさい (Oyasuminasai) - Oh-yah-su-mi-nah-sai:** Good night (used when going to sleep)

**Phrases for Meetings:**

* **よろしくお願いします (Yoroshiku onegaishimasu) - Yoh-roh-shi-ku oh-neh-gai-shi-mah-su:** Please take care of me (used when meeting someone for the first time in a business setting)

2. Today's topic

In the Japanese business world, greetings are a formal exchange that conveys respect. Here's a breakdown of the key aspects:

Bowing: Bowing is a fundamental part of Japanese business etiquette. The depth of the bow shows respect, with a deeper bow signifying greater respect. The junior person typically initiates the bow.

Handshakes: Handshakes may also be exchanged, but with a lighter grip than in Western cultures. A handshake might be combined with a bow.

Business Cards: Exchanging business cards (meishi 名刺) is a crucial part of introductions. Present and receive cards with two hands and a bow. Briefly study the received card before placing it on the table.

* **Hierarchy and Seniority:** Age and seniority are highly respected in Japanese business culture. Decisions are often made by consensus, and meetings may involve a lot of deference to senior members.

* **Indirect Communication:** Japanese communication can be indirect, with more emphasis on non-verbal cues and building relationships than on direct statements. This can be frustrating for Westerners who prefer a more straightforward approach.

* **Building Relationships :** Building trust and rapport is essential before any business deal is made. This may involve socializing with colleagues outside of work or attending after-work drinks.

* **Harmony (Wa):** Maintaining group harmony (Wa) is a core value. Open disagreement or criticism is seen as disruptive and disrespectful.

* **Lifetime Employment:** Traditionally, Japanese companies practiced lifetime employment, where employees would stay with one company for their entire career. This is less common today, but there is still a sense of loyalty between employees and employers.

* **Dress Code:** Dress code in Japanese business is conservative. Men typically wear dark suits and ties, and women wear skirt suits or tailored dresses.

* **Gift-Giving (Omiyage):** Giving gifts (Omiyage) is a common practice in Japanese business culture. Gifts are usually small and inexpensive, and they are a way of showing appreciation or gratitude. 

3- Today’s news

Rainfall records broken across Japan; man dies in Yamanashi

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15284662

The language of opportunity: Bilingual education is on the rise in Japan

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2024/05/27/language/bilingual-education-schools-japanese-language-english/

**Japanese particles(jyoshi -助詞)**

 

1. Today's Japanese words

**Japanese particles(jyoshi -助詞)**

1. **を (Wo / O)**: This particle marks the **direct object** of a verb. It indicates what is being affected by the action. For instance:

   - "肉を食べる" (niku wo taberu) means "to eat meat." Here, "niku" (meat) is the direct object marked by "wo."

2. **は (Wa)**: The topic marker. It introduces the **subject** of the sentence. For example:

   - "私は日本語を勉強しています" (watashi wa Nihongo wo benkyou shiteimasu) means "I am studying Japanese." In this sentence, "watashi" (I) is the subject marked by "wa."

3. **が (Ga)**: The subject marker. It highlights the **subject** of the sentence. For instance:

   - "猫が好きです" (neko ga suki desu) means "I like cats." Here, "neko" (cat) is the subject marked by "ga."

4. **で (De)**: This particle indicates the **location** or **means** of an action. For example:

   - "公園で遊ぶ" (kouen de asobu) means "to play in the park." "Kouen" (park) is the location marked by "de."

5. **へ (E)**: The direction marker. It indicates **movement toward** a place. For instance:

   - "学校へ行く" (gakkou e iku) means "to go to school." "Gakkou" (school) is the destination marked by "e."

6. **から (Kara)**: The "because" or "since" particle. It explains the reason behind an action. For example:

   - "雨が降っているから傘を持って行きます" (ame ga futte iru kara kasa wo motte ikimasu) means "I'll take an umbrella because it's raining." "Ame" (rain) is the reason marked by "kara."

2. Today's topic

 **Japanese particles(jyoshi -助詞)**. These tiny elements play a crucial role in Japanese grammar by connecting words and defining their relationships within a sentence. Think of them as the "glue" that holds sentences together. Similar to English articles like "the," "a," and "an," as well as prepositions like "to," "in," and "on," Japanese particles help clarify the meaning of a sentence. 

1. **は (Wa)**: This particle indicates the **subject** of the sentence. For example, in the sentence "私はケーキを食べた" (watashi wa ke-ki wo tabeta), "wa" tells us that the subject is "I."

2. **を (Wo)**: This particle indicates the **direct object** that receives the action. In the same sentence, "wo" marks "cake" as the object that was eaten.

Japanese sentences don't use spaces, so particles are essential for understanding where words begin and end, as well as their roles in the sentence. Let's look at a longer example:

> 昨日の夜は勉強しながらテレビを見ていたので、あまり集中していませんでした。

> (Kinou no yoru wa benkyou shinagara terebi wo mite ita node, amari shuuchuu shite imasen deshita.)

>

> Translation: "I was watching TV while studying last night, so I wasn't very focused."

In this longer sentence, the particles help clarify the roles of different words. For instance, "wa" marks the topic ("last night"), and "wo" indicates the direct object ("TV"). Without these particles, the sentence would be harder to read and understand¹. 

3- Today’s news

No sitting allowed? Japan to question businesses on all-day standing in service industry

https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20240525/p2a/00m/0na/002000c

Japan's fertility rate sank to record low in 2023: estimate

https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Society/Japan-s-fertility-rate-sank-to-record-low-in-2023-estimate

Adverbs (副詞, *fukushi*)

①. Today's Japanese words
Here are some examples of adverbs:

1. **速く (hayaku)**: This adverb indicates speed. For instance, you can use it in a sentence like "彼は速く走った" (He ran quickly).
2. **よく (yoku)**: An adverb that indicates frequency or degree. For example, "よく勉強する" (He studies diligently).
3. **とても (totemo)**: An adverb that emphasizes degree. You might say "彼はとても優しい" (He is very kind).

1. **大分 (daibu)**: Considerably; greatly; a lot. For example, you might say, "彼は**大分**元気です" (He is quite energetic).
2. **丁度 (choudo)**: Exactly. Use it when something is precisely as expected or timed perfectly. For instance, "**丁度**時間通りに着きました" (I arrived exactly on time).
3. **再び (futatabi)**: Again; once more. You can say, "彼は**再び**挑戦しました" (He tried again).
4. **普通 (futsuu)**: Usually. This adverb indicates something that happens in a typical or ordinary manner. For example, "彼は**普通**に運転します" (He drives normally).
5. **一番 (ichiban)**: Number one; first; best. You might say, "これは**一番**美味しい料理です" (This is the most delicious dish).

②. Today's topic

Adverbs (副詞, *fukushi*)

Adverbs (副詞, *fukushi*) are a type of word in Japanese that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide more information about the manner, time, place, degree, or other circumstances of an action or state of being.

**Types of Adverbs**

There are three main types of adverbs in Japanese:

1. **Jotai fukushi** (情態副詞, **manner adverbs**): These adverbs describe the manner or way in which something happens. They are often formed by adding the suffix **-ku** or **-ni** to the root of a verb.

* Examples:
* **hayaku** (早く, quickly)
* **atsuku** (厚く, thickly)
* **shizukani** (静かに, quietly)

2. **Ryoudo fukushi** (量度副詞, **degree adverbs**): These adverbs indicate the degree or extent to which something happens. They often include words like **very**, **much**, **little**, **too**, etc.

* Examples:
* **totemo** (とても, very)
* **sukoshi** (少し, a little)
* **ijo** (以上, more than)
* **mada** (まだ, not yet)

3. **Shutsuryo fukushi** (述語副詞, **sentence adverbs**): These adverbs modify the entire sentence or clause. They often express modality (e.g., possibility, necessity, doubt), negation, or emphasis.

* Examples:
* **kanarazu** (必ず, certainly)
* **mochiron** (もちろん, of course)
* **mou** (もう, already)
* **mattaku** (全く, not at all)

**Examples of Adverb Usage**

* **Jotai fukushi (manner adverbs)**

* **Neko wa hayaku hashirimasu.** (猫は早く走ります, The cat runs quickly.)
* **Hanako wa shizukani hon o yondeimasu.** (花子は静かに本を読んでいます, Hanako is reading a book quietly.)
* **Tarou wa atatakaku ocha o nomimasu.** (太郎は熱々にお茶を飲みます, Tarou is drinking hot tea.)

* **Ryoudo fukushi (degree adverbs)**

* **Kono ryori wa totemo oishii desu.** (この料理はとても美味しいです, This dish is very delicious.)
* **Mou sukoshi matte kudasai.** (もう少し待ってください, Please wait a little longer.)

* **Shutsuryo fukushi (sentence adverbs)**

* **Kanarazu ashita made ni owari masu.** (必ず明日までに終わります, I will definitely finish it by tomorrow.)
* **Mochiron, watashi mo ikimasu.** (もちろん、私も行きます, Of course, I will go too.)
* **Mou yoroshii desu.** (もう大丈夫です, I'm fine now.)
* **Mattaku wakaranai.** (全く分からない, I don't understand at all.)

**Adverb Formation**

In addition to the suffixes mentioned above, there are a few other common ways to form adverbs in Japanese:

* **Prefixes:** Some adverbs are formed by adding prefixes to nouns or other words. For example, **ijo** (以上, more than) is formed from the prefix **i** (上, above) and **jou** (丈, measure).
* **Compounds:** Some adverbs are formed by compounding two or more words. For example, **hayaku** (早く, quickly) is a compound of **haya** (速い, fast) and **ku** (く).
* **Conversion:** Some nouns and adjectives can be used as adverbs without any change in form. For example, **kirei** (きれい, beautiful) can be used as both an adjective and an adverb.

**Adverb Placement**

Adverbs are typically placed next to the word they modify. However, there is some flexibility in placement, and the meaning of the sentence can change depending on where the adverb is placed.

* **Before the word being modified:** This is the most common placement for adverbs.

* **Hayaku hashirimasu.** (早く走ります, He runs quickly.)

* **After the word being modified:** This can be used to emphasize the adverb.

* **Hashirimasu hayaku.** (走ります早く, He runs quickly.)

* **Between the verb and its object:** This can be used to focus on the manner

③- Today’s news
Osaka mayor sued over whale burial; double initial estimate
https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15279415

Hiroshima faces ‘double standard’ criticism over A-bomb event
https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15278957
“By inviting Israel, Hiroshima city is affirming the massacre in the Gaza Strip.”

in 2022, the city decided not to invite Russia and its ally Belarus, saying that “there is a possibility that inviting Russia might cause some countries not to attend the ceremony.”

Adjectives, 形容詞 (keiyōshi)

1. Today's Japanese words
Here's an explanation of some common Japanese adjectives in English, without using kanji:

1. 大きい (ookii) - Big

This adjective describes something that has a large size or extent. It's commonly used for objects, people, or spaces.

Example: おおきなへや (ookina heya) - big room

2. 小さい (chiisai) - Small

The opposite of "ookii," this adjective describes something that has a small size or extent. It's also commonly used for objects, people, or spaces.

Example: ちいさなねこ (chiisana neko) - small cat

3. いい (ii) - Good

This versatile adjective expresses positive qualities or approval. It can be used for various things, including objects, actions, or situations.

Example: いいお天気 (ii otenki) - nice weather

4. 悪い (warui) - Bad

The opposite of "ii," this adjective expresses negative qualities or disapproval. It can also be used for various things, including objects, actions, or situations.

Example: わるいゆめ (warui yume) - bad dream

5. 熱い (atsui) - Hot

This adjective describes something that has a high temperature or causes a sensation of heat. It's commonly used for objects, liquids, or weather conditions.

Example: あついちゃ (atsui cha) - hot tea

6. 寒い (samui) - Cold

The opposite of "atsui," this adjective describes something that has a low temperature or causes a sensation of cold. It's commonly used for objects, liquids, or weather conditions.

Example: さむいふゆ (samui fuyu) - cold winter

7. 安い (yasui) - Cheap

This adjective describes something that has a relatively low price or cost. It's commonly used for goods, services, or tickets.

Example: やすいくだもの (yasui kudamono) - cheap fruit

8. 高い (takai) - Expensive

The opposite of "yasui," this adjective describes something that has a relatively high price or cost. It's commonly used for goods, services, or tickets.

Example: たかいビル (takai biru) - expensive building

9. きれい (kirei) - Pretty or Clean

This adjective describes something that is visually appealing or physically clean. It can be used for people, objects, or places.

Example: きれいなはな (kireina hana) - pretty flower

10. 汚い (きたない) - Dirty

The opposite of "kirei," this adjective describes something that is visually unappealing or physically unclean. It can be used for people, objects, or places.

Example: きたないへや (kitanai heya) - dirty room

2. Today's topic
Adjectives, 形容詞 (keiyōshi)
Japanese adjectives, also known as 形容詞 (keiyōshi), are words that describe the attributes or qualities of nouns. They play a crucial role in Japanese grammar, adding nuance and specificity to sentences. Here are some of the key characteristics of Japanese adjectives:

Form and Suffixes: Japanese adjectives typically end in either the hiragana い (i) or な (na), which indicates their conjugation type. い-adjectives, also known as attributive adjectives, are directly attached to nouns, while な-adjectives, also known as predicative adjectives, require the copula verb です (desu) or だ (da) to form complete predicates.

Position in Sentences: Japanese adjectives generally precede the nouns they modify. For instance, "赤いりんご" (akai ringo) means "red apple," with the adjective "赤い" (akai) describing the color of the noun "りんご" (ringo).

Conjugation and Modifications: Japanese adjectives can be conjugated to express different grammatical aspects, such as tense, negation, and comparison. For example, the adjective "大きい" (ookii) meaning "big" can be conjugated to "大きかった" (ookikatta) for the past tense, "大きくない" (ookiku nai) for the negative form, and "大きいよりも大きい" (ookii yori mo ookii) for comparison.

Compound Adjectives: Japanese adjectives can be combined to form compound adjectives, creating more complex descriptions. For instance, "とても大きい" (totemo ookii) means "very big," combining the adverbs "とても" (totemo) meaning "very" and "大きい" (ookii) meaning "big."

Descriptive Power: Japanese adjectives offer a rich variety of expressions to describe various qualities, including physical characteristics, emotions, and abstract concepts. They play a significant role in conveying the writer's or speaker's intended message.

In summary, Japanese adjectives are essential elements of the language, providing a versatile tool for describing and qualifying nouns. Their unique characteristics contribute to the overall expressiveness and nuance of Japanese communication.

3- Today’s news
Power windows in spotlight after 2-year-old dies in tragic accident
https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15277643
A daikon radish is cut by a closing power window in a test by the Japan Automobile Federation.
A woman in her 30s was driving her car when she noticed that her daughter, who was sitting in a child safety seat behind her, had her neck caught in the window.

Foreigners object to move to revoke permanent resident status
https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15276065
The proposed change would allow the government to rescind permanent resident status for foreigners who deliberately fail to pay their personal or social welfare taxes or commit serious crimes, such as breaking and entering or assault.

謙譲語 (kenjougo)

 

1. Today's Japanese words

Here are some basic Japanese vocabulary words related to history and culture, along with their romaji spelling:

* 歴史 (rekishi) - history

* 文化 (bunka) - culture

* 時代 (jidai) - era, period

* 古代 (kodai) - ancient times

* 中世(chusei)medieval times 

* 近代 (kindai) - modern times

* 現代 (gendai) - contemporary times

* 天皇 (tennō) - emperor

* 武士 (bushi) - samurai warrior

* 城 (shiro) - castle

* 神社 (jinja) - Shinto shrine

* 寺 (tera) - temple

**General:**

* 文明 (ぶんめい, bunmei) - civilization

* 伝統 (でんとう, dentou) - tradition

* 発展 (はってん, hatten) - development

* 芸術 (げいじゅつ, geijutsu) - art

* 宗教 (しゅうきょう, shūkyō) - religion

* 哲学 (てつがく, tetsugaku) - philosophy

* 考古学 (こうこがく, kōkogaku) - archaeology

**Government and Society:**

* 政府 (せいふ, seifu) - government

* 社会 (しゃかい, shakai) - society

* 政治 (せいじ, seiji) - politics

* 法律 (ほうりつ, hōritsu) - law

* 貨幣 (かへい, kahei) - currency

**Daily Life:**

* 衣食住 (いしょくじゅう, ishokujū) - food, clothing, and shelter (basic necessities)

* 生活 (せいかつ, seikatsu) - life, living

* 風習 (ふうしゅう, fūshū) - custom

* 文化祭 (ぶんかさい, bunkasai) - cultural festival

**Places:**

* 博物館 (はくぶつかん, hakubutsukan) - museum

* 遺跡 (いせき, iseki) - ruins, historical site

* 温泉 (おんせん, onsen) - hot spring

**Phrases:**

* 昔 (むかし, mukashi) - in the past, once

* 今 (いま, ima) - now

* ずっと (ずっと, zutto) - always, for a long time

2. Today's topic

**謙譲語 (kenjougo)**, also known as humble speech, is a type of polite Japanese used to express humility and respect towards the listener. It is typically used when the speaker is talking about their own actions or abilities, and it is often used in conjunction with other types of polite language, such as **尊敬語 (soukeigo)** or honorific language.

**There are three main ways to form 謙譲語:**

1. **Adding the prefix お (o) or ご (go) to the verb stem:** This is the most common way to form 謙譲語. The prefix **お (o)** is used with native Japanese verbs (和語), while the prefix **ご (go)** is used with Sino-Japanese verbs (漢語). 

2. **Using special 謙譲語 verbs:** There are a number of special verbs that are only used in 謙譲語. For example, the verb **申し上げる** (mōshiageru) means "to say" or "to tell," 

3. **Using the ていただく construction:** This construction is used to express that the speaker is allowing the listener to do something for them. For example, the sentence **お茶を入れていただけますか？** (ocha o irete itadakemasu ka?) means "Could you please pour me some tea?"

**Here are some examples of 謙譲語 in use:**

* **写真をお撮りしましょうか？** (shashin o o-tori shimashou ka?) - "May I take your picture?"

* **学校内をご案内します。** (gakkounai o goannai shimasu.) - "I will show you around the school."

* **何かあったらご相談します。** (nanika attara gousou shimasu.) - "Please let me know if you need anything."

**謙譲語** is an important part of Japanese politeness, and it is essential to use it correctly in order to show respect to your superiors. 

3- Today’s news

Sanja festival in Asakusa features first children’s ‘mikoshi’ shrine

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15272319

Kamikawa rises in polls as most suitable for next prime minister

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15181220

Japanese Present and Past Tense

 

https://learnjapanesefromanativejapanese.blogspot.com/

1. Today's Japanese words

Here's some basic Japanese vocabulary about samurai with romaji:

* **Samurai (侍 - samurai):** The warrior class of feudal Japan.

* **Bushido (武士道 - bushidō):** The code of honor followed by samurai.

* **Daimyo (大名 - daimyō):** A feudal lord who samurai served.

* **Katana (刀 - katana):** The curved sword carried by samurai.

* **Wakizashi (脇差し - wakizashi):** A shorter sword worn by samurai along with the katana.

* **Kimono (着物 - kimono):** Traditional Japanese clothing, also worn by samurai.

* **Dojo (道場 - dōjō):** A training hall for martial arts, where samurai practiced swordsmanship.

**Samurai Life:**

* **Bushido (武士道 - bushidō):** The "way of the warrior," samurai code of honor emphasizing loyalty, courage, frugality, and respect.

* **Sepukku (切腹 - seppuku):** Ritual suicide by disembowelment, sometimes practiced by samurai to preserve honor.

* **Geisha (芸者 - geisha):** Female entertainers, sometimes associated with samurai entertainment.

**Samurai Equipment:**

* **Yumi (弓 - yumi):** Japanese longbow, a weapon used by samurai archers.

* **Yumiya (弓矢 - yumiya):** Combination of yumi (bow) and ya (arrow).

* **Kabuto (兜 - kabuto):** Samurai helmet, often decorated with crests.

* **Men (面 - men):** Face mask worn as part of samurai armor.

* **Do (胴 - dō):** Chest armor worn by samurai.

* **Guntai (軍隊 - guntai):** Samurai army.

**Other Related Terms:**

* **Shogun (将軍 - shōgun):** The military leader of feudal Japan, above the daimyo.

* **Ronin (浪人 - rōnin):** A masterless samurai, no longer serving a daimyo.

* **Ninja (忍者 - ninja):** Covert operatives and spies, sometimes employed by samurai.

* **Budo (武道 - budō):** Japanese martial arts, encompassing disciplines practiced by samurai.

**Bonus - Samurai Speak (informal):**

* **Sessha (拙者 - sessha):** "I" or "me" used by samurai in a humble or old-fashioned way. (Not commonly used in modern Japanese)

* **Nanji (汝 - nanji):** "You" used in a similar way to sessha, but not recommended in modern conversation due to its old-fashioned and potentially rude tone.

2. Today's topic

Japanese Present and Past Tense

While Japanese tenses seem simpler at first glance, there are some nuances to explore:

**Present Tense:** 

* **Verb Conjugation:**

    * **Regular Verbs:** These fall into two categories:

        * **-ru Verbs:** Conjugate by changing the "-ru" ending to "-masu" (polite) or "-ru" (plain) - e.g., 見る (miru - to see) becomes 見ます (みます - mimasu - I see) or 見る (みる - miru).

        * **-u Verbs:** Similar to -ru verbs, replace "-u" with "-imasu" (polite) or "-u" (plain) - e.g., 話す (hanasu - to speak) becomes 話します (はなします - hanashimasu - I speak) or 話す (はなす - hanasu).

    * **Irregular Verbs:** These have unique conjugations for present tense (polite and plain) - e.g., する (suru - to do) becomes します (します - shimasu) or する (する - suru).

**Past Tense:**

* **Verb Conjugation:**

    * **-ru Verbs & -u Verbs:** Remove the "-ru" or "-u" ending and add "-ta" (polite and plain) - e.g., 見る (miru) becomes 見た (みた - みた - mita - I saw), 話す (hanasu) becomes 話した (はなした - hanashita - I spoke).

    * **Irregular Verbs:** Follow specific past tense conjugations - e.g., する (suru) becomes した (した - shita - I did).

**Formality:**

* **Polite (-masu/-mashita):** Used in formal settings or with people you don't know well.

* **Plain (-ru/-ta):** Used with friends, family, or in casual situations.

**Past Perfect Tense (sort of):**

* Japanese doesn't have a direct equivalent, but you can express similar ideas using the past tense with adverbs like "mou" (already) or "mada" (yet).

    * 食べました (tabemashita - I ate) - implies a completed action in the past.

    * まだ食べていません (mada tabete imasen - I haven't eaten yet) - emphasizes an ongoing state related to the past action.

**Additional Tips:**

* **Temporal Words:** Words like "kinou" (yesterday), "kyou" (today), and "ashita" (tomorrow) help clarify tense.

* **Context:** Sentence structure and surrounding information can often indicate the tense.

3- Today’s news

Fukui in charm drive to attract foreign elderly care workers

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15271728

Western Japan mayor to run for governor of Tokyo in June

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15271800

Shinji Ishimaru, who is 41 and represents the city of Akitakada in Hiroshima Prefecture, said May 17 he will run as an independent candidate in the July 7 gubernatorial election.

Japanese nouns(Meishi:名詞)

 

1. Today's Japanese words

Here's some basic Japanese festival vocabulary with romaji:

* **Matsuri (祭り):** Festival

* **Yatai (屋台):** Food stalls

* **Hanabi (花火):** Fireworks

* **Mikoshi (神輿):** Portable shrine

* **Men (面):** Masks

* **Happi (ハッピ):** Festival coat

* **Dotombori (道頓堀):** Dotonbori area (known for summer festivals in Osaka)

* **Nebuta (ねぶた):** Giant lantern floats (seen at Aomori Nebuta Matsuri)

**General Festival:**

* **Omatsuri (お祭り):** Polite way to say "festival"

* **Matsuribayashi (祭り囃子):** Festival music 

* **Yoi (宵):** Eve of the festival (e.g., Bon Odori Yoi)

* **Jinja (神社):** Shrine (where many festivals are held)

* **Ofuda (御札):** Amulets sold at festivals

* **Omikuji (おみくじ):** Fortune telling paper slips

* **Gyoza (餃子):** Dumplings (popular festival food)

* **Takoyaki (たこ焼き):** Octopus balls (popular festival food)

* **Kakigori (かき氷):** Shaved ice (popular summer festival treat)

**Specific Festivals:**

* **Hanami (花見):** Cherry blossom viewing (considered a festival)

* **Tanabata (七夕):** Star festival (July 7th)

* **Shichi-Go-San (七五三):** Festival for children aged 3, 5, and 7

* **Bon Odori (盆踊り):** Dance festival to honor ancestors (summer)

* **Setsubun (節分):** Bean-throwing festival to ward off evil spirits

* **Hinamatsuri (雛祭り):** Doll festival (girls' festival)

* **Shinto (神道):** Shinto religion (many festivals have Shinto roots)

**Actions:**

* **Miru (見る):** To see (festival sights)

* **Taberu (食べる):** To eat (festival food)

* **Asobu (遊ぶ):** To play (festival games)

* **Tsukimasu (着きます):** To arrive (at the festival)

* **Yaru (やる):** To do (participate in a festival activity)

2. Today's topic

Japanese nouns(Meishi:名詞) are relatively straightforward compared to English nouns. Here's a quick rundown:

* **No singular/plural distinction:** Unlike English, Japanese nouns don't change form to indicate singular or plural. The word "hito" (人) can mean "person" or "people" depending on the context.

* **No grammatical gender:** Nouns in Japanese are not masculine, feminine, or neuter.

**Plurality:**

* **Counters:** Japanese relies heavily on counters (助数詞 - josuushi) to express plurality. These words specify the quantity of a noun and come after the noun itself. There are many counters, each specific to a type of object. For example:

    * **hon (本):** for flat, thin objects like books (本 - hon) or pencils (鉛筆 - enpitsu)

    * **mai (枚):** for flat, thin sheets like paper (紙 - kami) or slices of bread (パン - pan)

    * **nin (人):** for people (人 - hito)

* **Repetition:** Sometimes, nouns can be repeated with the character "々" (dō) to indicate plurality, but this is limited to certain words of Japanese origin. This can also affect pronunciation slightly (rendaku). Example: 人 (hito, person) becomes 人々 (hitobito, people).

* **Context:** Often, the context of the sentence makes it clear whether a noun is singular or plural. 

**Politeness:**

* **Honorific prefixes:** Japanese has prefixes like "o-" (お) or "go-" (ご) that add politeness when referring to objects or people. Example: "mise" (店) becomes "omise" (お店, shop) for a more polite tone.

**Making Nouns from Other Parts of Speech:**

* Verbs and adjectives can be converted into nouns using suffixes like "-sa" (さ) or "-tachi" (たち). Example: "benkyo suru" (勉強する, to study) becomes "benkyo" (勉強, study) as a noun, or "yasashii" (優しい, kind) becomes "yasashisa" (優しさ, kindness).

**Particles:**

As mentioned before, particles are crucial for understanding the role of a noun in a sentence:

* **ga (が):** This particle marks the subject of the sentence and often indicates the doer of an action. Example: Hanako-ga imasu (花子がいます, Hanako is here).

* **wa (は):** This particle marks the topic of the sentence, which is what the sentence is about. Example: Hanako-wa sensei desu (花子は先生です, Hanako is a teacher).

* **o (を):** This particle marks the object of the verb or preposition. Example: ringo o tabemasu (リンゴを食べます, I eat an apple).

* **no (の):** This particle indicates possession. Example: sensei no hon (先生の鞄, teacher's bag).

**State of Being:**

* Japanese nouns can form complete sentences by adding the copula "da" (だ) or "desu" (です). Example: Nihongo desu (日本語です, It is Japanese).

3- Today’s news

Students with diverse backgrounds welcomed to new Osaka Pref. night school

https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20240516/p2a/00m/0na/038000c

Many of the foreign students work at businesses related to Kansai International Airport, which is located in Osaka Bay, just off where the school stands.

The students, aged 16 to 76, include five Japanese, 10 from the Philippines, nine from Nepal, seven each from China and India, and one each from Vietnam, Pakistan and Germany. Some students donned ethnic attire for the entrance ceremony.

Aristocratic costume parade during Aoi festival thrills 35,000 spectators in Kyoto

https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20240517/p2a/00m/0na/013000c

Shopping;Kaimono(買い物)

 

1. Today's Japanese words

Here are some basic Japanese vocabulary and sentences you can use while shopping, along with their romaji pronunciation:

* **Vocabulary**

  * コンビニ (konbini) - convenience store

  * スーパーマーケット (sūpā māketto) - supermarket

  * 靴 (kutsu) - shoes

  * カバン ( kaban) - bag

  * シャツ (shatsu) - shirt

  * いくらですか (ikura desu ka) - How much is this?

  * 大きい (ōkii) - big

  * 小さい (chiisai) - small

* **Sentences**

  * すみません、カバンを探しています (Sumimasen, kaban o sag shite imasu) - Excuse me, I'm looking for a bag.

  * このシャツ、試着してもいいですか (Kono shatsu, shichaku shite mo ii desu ka) - May I try on this shirt?

  * 大きいサイズがありますか (Ōkii saizu ga arimasu ka) - Do you have a bigger size?

2. Today's topic

Several aspects of Japanese grammar can be tricky for learners.

1. **Particles:** Japanese relies heavily on particles to indicate the grammatical function of words in a sentence. These particles can be confusing because they don't have direct equivalents in English and often have multiple meanings depending on the context. The particles が (ga) and は (wa) are prime examples, both indicating the topic but with subtle differences.

2. **Politeness Levels:** Japanese has a complex system of politeness levels that you need to use appropriately depending on the situation and the person you're talking to. This involves using different verb conjugations, vocabulary, and even sentence structures. Mastering these nuances takes time and practice.

* **Verb Conjugations:** Unlike English, Japanese verbs are extensively conjugated to indicate tense, politeness level, formality, and transitivity. This means there are multiple forms for each verb, depending on the context. Memorizing these conjugations can be a hurdle for learners.

* **Counter Words:** Japanese uses counter words, which are specific words that quantify nouns. There are many different counter words, each corresponding to a particular type of noun (e.g., people, animals, things). Using the wrong counter word can sound unnatural or even rude.

3- Today’s news

And justice for dolls: Fake police slow down drivers in Hyogo

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15269021

The male doll is seated in front of a speed radar, while his female partner stands near the car.

Teen who used smart glasses to cheat got help from ‘tutors’

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15268946

According to sources, during the Waseda exam, the teenager took photos of the test questions with his smart glasses and sent them to his tutors using a smartphone he kept hidden in his pants. He asked the tutors to send him the answers.

The honorific **さん** (san)

 

1. Today's Japanese words

Here is an explanation of Japanese job titles (役職名, yakushokumei) with romaji:

**Japanese corporate hierarchy**

Japanese companies are typically structured hierarchically, with a clear chain of command from top to bottom. This hierarchy is reflected in the company's job titles, which are used to indicate an employee's rank and responsibilities.

The most common job titles in Japanese companies are:

* **Shachō (社長)**: President or CEO

* **Buchachō (部長)**: General manager or director

* **Kachō (課長)**: Department head or manager

* **Shunin (主任)**: Supervisor

* **Dairi (代理)**: Assistant

* **Jimuin (事務員)**: Clerk or staff member

**Romaji breakdown of job titles**

Here is a romaji breakdown of the most common Japanese job titles:

* **Shachō (社長)**

    * **Sha** (社): Company

    * **Chō** (長): Head

* **Buchachō (部長)**

    * **Bu** (部): Department

    * **Chō** (長): Head

* **Kachō (課長)**

    * **Ka** (課): Section

    * **Chō** (長): Head

* **Shunin (主任)**

    * **Shu** (主): Chief

    * **Nin** (任): Responsibility

* **Dairi (代理)**

    * **Dai** (代): Instead

    * **Ri** (理): Reason

* **Jimuin (事務員)**

    * **Ji** (事): Affair

    * **Mu** (務): Duty

    * **In** (員): Person

2. Today's topic

In Japanese, the honorific **さん** (san) is a polite suffix that is attached to the end of a person's name or title. It is the most common and versatile honorific, and can be used in a wide range of situations, both formal and informal.

**Here are some of the key features of さん:**

* **Politeness:** さん is a general marker of politeness, and is used to show respect to the person you are speaking to.

* **Versatility:** さん can be used with people of all ages, genders, and social statuses. It is also appropriate to use with strangers, acquaintances, and friends.

* **Formality:** さん can be used in both formal and informal situations. However, in very formal settings, such as when speaking to someone of a much higher social status, you may want to use a more formal honorific, such as **様** (sama).

**Here are some examples of how to use さん:**

* **田中さん** (Tanaka-san): This is a polite way to address Mr. or Ms. Tanaka.

* **山田先生** (Yamada-sensei): This is a polite way to address Mr. or Ms. Yamada, who is a teacher.

* **佐藤さん、こんにちは。** (Satō-san, konnichiwa.): This means "Hello, Mr. or Ms. Sato."

* **田中さん、お元気ですか？** (Tanaka-san, o-genki desu ka?): This means "How are you, Mr. or Ms. Tanaka?"

**In addition to being attached to names, さん can also be used with titles, such as:**

* **社長さん** (shachō-san): This means "president."

* **部長さん** (buchō-san): This means "department head."

* **店員さん** (ten'in-san): This means "store clerk."

**Here are some examples of how to use さん with titles:**

* **社長さん、お忙しいですか？** (Shachō-san, o-isogashii desu ka?): This means "Are you busy, Mr. or Ms. President?"

* **部長さん、すみません。** (Buchō-san, sumimasen.): This means "Excuse me, Mr. or Ms. Department Head."

* **店員さん、あの商品はどこにありますか？** (Ten'in-san, ano shōhin wa doko ni arimasu ka?): This means "Excuse me, where is that product?"

**Overall, さん is an essential part of Japanese etiquette, and is a valuable tool for showing respect to others. By understanding how to use さん correctly, you will be able to communicate more effectively and politely in Japanese.**

3- Today’s news

Kyoto’s historic Aoi Festival fills the streets with courtly costumes

https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/15267535

In Kyoto during the Heian Period (794-1185), the term "festival" was synonymous with the Aoi Festival, highlighting its significance in Japanese culture.

Over 80,000 foreigners working at convenience stores in Japan

https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20240515/p2g/00m/0bu/063000c

Many who apply are international students aiming to improve their Japanese ability through the work