Different ある and いる

"Aru" and "iru" are two essential Japanese verbs that often cause confusion for learners. Both can be translated as "to be" or "to exist" in English, but they are used in different contexts.

Aru (ある)

 * Generally used for inanimate objects: Things that don't move on their own, like books, tables, or mountains.

 * Examples:

   * 本がある。 (Hon ga aru.) - There is a book.

   * 山がある。 (Yama ga aru.) - There is a mountain.

Iru (いる)

 * Generally used for animate objects: Living things, like people, animals, and insects.

 * Can also be used for inanimate objects that are perceived to be moving or have a sense of presence: For example, a car on the road or a ghost in a house.

 * Examples:

   * 猫がいる。 (Neko ga iru.) - There is a cat.

   * 車がいる。 (Kuruma ga iru.) - There is a car (on the road).

To summarize:

 * Aru is for things that are stationary or don't have a sense of action.

 * Iru is for things that move or have a sense of presence.

のでform （How to use it)

What is the "node" form?

The "node" form is a particle in Japanese that is used to connect two clauses or sentences, indicating a causal relationship or reason. It's often translated as "so," "because," or "since" in English.

How to use "node"

 * Expressing a reason:

   * Example: 雨が降るので、出かけません。(Ame ga furu node, dekakemasen.) - Because it's raining, I won't go out.

 * Connecting two clauses:

   * Example: 疲れたので、早く寝ます。(Tsukareta node, hayaku nemasu.) - I'm tired, so I'll go to bed early.

Key points to remember:

 * The clause following "node" typically expresses the result or consequence of the reason given in the preceding clause.

 * "Node" is often used to explain why something is happening or has happened.

Example sentences:

 * Expressing a reason:

   * 試験があるので、勉強します。(Shiken ga aru node, benkyō shimasu.) - I will study because there is an exam.

   * 道が混んでいるので、遅れます。(Michi ga komande iru node, okuremasu.) - I'm late because the road is crowded.

 * Connecting two clauses:

   * お腹がすいたので、ご飯を食べます。(Onaka ga suita node, gohan o tabemasu.) - I'm hungry, so I'll eat.

   * 寒かったので、コートを着ました。(Samukatta node, kōto o kimashita.) - It was cold, so I put on a coat.

"Node" vs. "Kara"

Both "node" and "kara" can express a causal relationship, but there's a slight difference in nuance:

 * Node: Emphasizes the reason or cause.

 * Kara: Emphasizes the starting point or reason for an action.

Example:

 * 雨が降るので、傘を持っていく。(Ame ga furu node, kasa o motte iku.) - Because it's raining, I'll take an umbrella. (Emphasizes the reason for taking an umbrella)

 * 雨が降るから、家に帰った。(Ame ga furu kara, ie ni kaetta.) - Because it started raining, I went home. (Emphasizes the starting point of the action of going home)

In summary:

The "node" particle is a fundamental tool in Japanese grammar for expressing cause and effect relationships. By understanding how to use "node," you can construct more complex and nuanced sentences.

だったform （How to use it)

 In Japanese, the "datta" form is a past tense form used to describe states or actions that occurred in the past. It's often translated as "was" or "were" in English.

How to form "datta"
Identify the dictionary form of the verb or adjective.

Breaking down "きれいだった" (kirei datta)
きれい (kirei): This is an adjective meaning "beautiful" or "clean."
だった (datta): This is the past tense form of the copula "だ" (da), which is used to connect a subject with a predicate.
When to use "datta"

Describing past states:
Example: 昨日は暑かった。(Kinō wa atsukatta.) - Yesterday was hot.
Describing past actions:
Example: 私は昨日映画を見ました。(Watashi wa kinō eiga o mimashita.) - I watched a movie yesterday.
Expressing past experiences:
Example: 子供の頃は、よく公園で遊んだ。(Kodomo no koro wa, yoku kōen de asonda.) - When I was a child, I often played in the park.
"Datta" vs. "Deshita"

"Datta" is used with verbs and adjectives.
"Deshita" is used with nouns and is a more polite form of "datta".
Examples

With verbs:
私は昨日、本を読みました。(Watashi wa kinō, hon o yomimashita.) - I read a book yesterday.
With adjectives:
海はきれいでした。(Umi wa kirei deshita.) - The sea was beautiful.
With nouns:
彼は医者でした。(Kare wa isha deshita.) - He was a doctor.
In summary:

The "datta" form is a versatile tool in Japanese grammar. It allows you to describe past events, states, and identities. By understanding how to form and use "datta," you can express yourself more accurately and effectively in Japanese.

たりamd だりform(How and when to use it)

The "-tari" form in Japanese is used to list multiple actions or states. It's similar to saying "do such things as A and B" in English.

How to form "-tari"

 * Find the "ru" form of the verb.

   * Example: "taberu" (to eat)

 * Remove the "ru" and add "tari".

   * Example: "taberu" → "tabe" + "tari" = "taberu"

How to use "-tari"

 * List multiple actions:

   * "音楽を聴いたり、本を読んだりします。" (Ongaku o kiitari, hon o yondari shimasu.) - "I do such things as listen to music and read books."

 * Describe a variety of experiences:

   * "旅行では、美味しいものを食べたり、美しい景色を見たりしました。" (Ryokō de wa, oishii mono o tabetari, utsukushii keshiki o mitari shimashita.) - "During the trip, I did such things as eat delicious food and see beautiful scenery."

Important Notes:

 * Last verb: The last verb in the list is usually not followed by "-tari." It's often connected to the rest of the sentence using a verb like "suru" (to do), "desu" (to be), or "shimasu" (polite form of "suru").

 * Emphasis on variety: "-tari" emphasizes that the listed actions are just a few examples among many.

"Dari"

"Dari" is not a separate grammatical form. It's simply the ending of the "-tari" form.

するのは (This one also have two particles)(How can I make this combined particles)

するのは　(This one also have two particles)(How can I make this combined particles、It is 

The combination "のは" in Japanese grammar is formed by combining two particles:

 * の (no): This particle acts as a possessive marker or a nominalizer, turning a verb or adjective into a noun.

 * は (wa): This particle marks the topic of a sentence, indicating what the sentence is primarily about.

How to Use "のは"

 * Nominalization:

   * "の" turns a verb or adjective into a noun phrase.

   * Example:

     * 勉強する (benkyō suru) - to study

     * 勉強するのは (benkyō suru no wa) - the act of studying

 * Topic Marker:

   * "は" marks the noun phrase created by "の" as the topic of the sentence.

   * This highlights the action or state described by the verb or adjective.

Examples:

 * 勉強するのは大切です。(Benkyō suru no wa taisetsu desu.) - Studying is important. (The topic is "studying")

 * 行くのは明日です。(Iku no wa ashita desu.) - I'm going tomorrow. (The topic is "going")

 * 食べたいのはラーメンです。(Tabetai no wa rāmen desu.) - I want to eat ramen. (The topic is "what I want to eat")

Key Points:

 * "のは" is often used to emphasize the action or state being discussed.

 * It can be used with various verbs and adjectives to create noun phrases.

 * Understanding the function of "の" and "は" individually is crucial for grasping the meaning and usage of "のは."

"言ってくれました" (itte kuremashita) and how to use it.

 "言ってくれました"

Meaning:

 * "They told me."

 * "They said to me."

 * "They informed me."

 * "They kindly told me."

Breakdown:

 * 言う (iu): To say

 * 言って (itte): Te-form of "言う"

 * くれる (kureru): To do something for someone (implies kindness or favor)

 * くれました (kuremashita): Past tense of "くれる"

How and When to Use:

 * Expressing gratitude: This phrase is used when someone kindly informs you of something. It emphasizes the kindness or favor of the other person.

   * Example: 先生が宿題を出さないと言ってくれました。 (Sensei ga shukudai o dasanai to itte kuremashita.) - The teacher kindly told me that there is no homework.

 * Reporting information: You can use it to report what someone told you, especially when you want to highlight their helpfulness.

   * Example: 友だちが試験の日時を教えてくれました。 (Tomodachi ga shiken no jikan o oshiete kuremashita.) - My friend kindly told me the date and time of the exam.

Key Points:

 * The Te-form (言って) is essential for connecting verbs with "くれる."

 * "くれる" indicates that the action is done for the benefit of the speaker.

 * "ました" is the past tense polite form.

Similar Phrases:

 * 言ってくれました (itte kuremashita): They kindly told me.

 * 言いました (iimashita): They said. (Neutral)

 * 言われました (iwaremashita): I was told. (Passive voice)

有る Can be used in what situation?

"有る" (aru) in Japanese is a verb that means "to exist" or "to be present." However, it's not as versatile as the English "to be" and has some specific nuances:

1. Inanimate Objects:

 * Existence: "有る" is primarily used for inanimate objects.

   * Example: "机の上に本が有る。" (Tsukue no ue ni hon ga aru.) - "There is a book on the desk."

 * Location: It emphasizes the existence of something at a particular location.

2. Abstract Concepts:

 * "有る" can be used for abstract concepts like hope, possibility, and potential.

   * Example: "成功する可能性が有る。" (Seikou suru kanousei ga aru.) - "There is a possibility of success."

3. Limited Usage for People:

 * While not as common as "いる" (iru) for people, "有る" can be used for:

   * Presence in a general sense: "家に人が有る。" (Ie ni hito ga aru.) - "There is someone at home." (More general than "家に人がいる。" - "There is someone at home.")

   * Existence as a fact: "彼は家族が有る。" (Kare wa kazoku ga aru.) - "He has a family." (Focuses on the fact of having a family)

Key Differences from "いる" (iru):

 * "いる" is primarily used for living things (people, animals) and emphasizes their presence, existence, or state of being.

 * "有る" is generally used for inanimate objects and abstract concepts, though it can be used for people in certain limited cases.

The difference between やる and する

やる (yaru)

 * More informal: Often used in casual conversations or when speaking to someone younger or of lower status.

 * Conveys a sense of effort or exertion: Implies that the action requires some physical or mental effort.

 * Can imply a sense of giving or doing something for someone else: Similar to "to give" or "to do something for someone".

する (suru)

 * More neutral: Can be used in a wide range of situations, from formal to informal.

 * General purpose verb: Used for a variety of actions, often without emphasizing the effort involved.

 * Can be used with a wider range of nouns and verbs: More versatile in its usage.

When to use which?

 * やる is often used for:

   * Physical activities: e.g., 運動をする (undo exercise), ご飯を食べる (to eat rice)

   * Giving something to someone: e.g、犬に餌をやる (to give food to a dog)

   * Doing something for someone else: e.g、友達を助ける (to help a friend)

 * する is more common for:

   * General actions: e.g、勉強する (to study), 仕事をする (to work)

   * Activities that are part of a routine: e.g、歯を磨く (to brush teeth), 寝る (to sleep)

Example:

 * 勉強をやる (benkyō o yaru) and 勉強をする (benkyō o suru) both mean "to study." However, the first one might imply that you're putting in extra effort or are motivated to study.

In summary:

While both verbs can be translated as "to do," やる carries more informal and connotative meanings, while する is more neutral and versatile.

The difference between し and たり

し

 * Meaning: "and," "also," "moreover," "besides"

 * Usage: Connects two or more verbs, adjectives, or nouns in a sequential or cumulative manner.

   * Example:

     * 私は、勉強をしたし、テレビも見ました。

       * (I studied and watched TV.)

     * 彼は親切ですし、頭もいいです。

       * (He is kind and intelligent.)

たり

 * Meaning: "sometimes... sometimes...," "now... now..."

 * Usage: Connects two or more verbs to express alternating or varied actions.

   * Example:

     * 今日は買い物に行ったり、図書館に行ったりしました。

       * (Today I went shopping sometimes and went to the library sometimes.)

     * 彼は歌ったり、踊ったりするのが好きです。

       * (He likes to sing sometimes and dance sometimes.)

Key Differences

 * し: Emphasizes the coexistence or addition of things.

 * たり: Emphasizes the alternation or variety of actions.

In Summary

 * Use し when you want to list things that happen together or are true simultaneously.

 * Use たり when you want to describe actions that happen in a changing or varied manner.

Nominalization: こと

The word "こと" (koto) in Japanese is used to nominalize various parts of speech, essentially turning them into nouns. Here's a breakdown of its common uses:

1. Nominalizing Verbs:

 * To express an action as a noun:

   * Example: 勉強すること (benkyō suru koto) - the act of studying

   * Example: 食べること (taberu koto) - the act of eating

 * To talk about experiences or facts:

   * Example: 日本に行ったことがあります。(Nihon ni itta koto ga arimasu.) - I have been to Japan.

2. Nominalizing Adjectives:

 * To express a quality or state as a noun:

   * Example: 楽しいこと (tanoshii koto) - a fun thing

   * Example: 難しいこと (muzukashii koto) - a difficult thing

3. Nominalizing Clauses:

 * To refer to a whole clause as a noun:

   * Example: 早く寝ることが大切です。(Hayaku neru koto ga taisetsu desu.) - It is important to go to bed early.

Key Points:

 * Nominalization: こと turns verbs, adjectives, and clauses into nouns.

 * Versatility: It's a versatile particle used in various grammatical constructions.

 * Abstract Concepts: こと often helps express abstract ideas, concepts, or experiences.

In summary: By adding こと to verbs, adjectives, or clauses, you can treat them as nouns, which opens up a wide range of grammatical possibilities in Japanese.

Understanding the Difference Between 作る (tsukuru) and 使う (tsukau)

作る (tsukuru) and 使う (tsukau) are both common Japanese verbs, but they have distinct meanings.

作る (tsukuru)

 * Meaning: To make, to create, to produce.

 * Usage: This verb is used when something new is being formed or brought into existence. It can refer to creating physical objects, ideas, or situations.

 * Examples:

   * ご飯を作る (Gohan o tsukuru): to cook rice

   * 絵を描く (E o kaku): to draw a picture

   * 新しい計画を作る (Atarashii keikaku o tsukuru): to create a new plan

使う (tsukau)

 * Meaning: To use, to employ.

 * Usage: This verb is used when something existing is being utilized or put into action. It can refer to using tools, materials, or services.

 * Examples:

   * 車を使う (Kuruma o tsukau): to use a car

   * パソコンを使う (Pasokon o tsukau): to use a computer

   * クレジットカードを使う (Kurejitto kādo o tsukau): to use a credit card

Key Differences

 * Creation vs. Utilization: 作る focuses on the act of creation, while 使う focuses on the act of using something that already exists.

 * New vs. Existing: 作る is often associated with new things, while 使う is associated with things that are already there.

In summary, while both verbs involve actions, they represent opposite ends of the creation-consumption cycle. 作る is about bringing something into existence, and 使う is about putting something to use.